Fungal pathogens have become increasingly important as causes of mortality and in newborn infants, especially preterm with very law birth weight, admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit. We report here the cases of 26 neonates (19 VLBW) with systemic fungal infections. Average birth weight and gestational age were 1405 +/- 977 g (range 595-4180 g) and 29 +/- 5 weeks (range 24-41 weeks) respectively. 24 newborn infants required endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation and 6 were affected by a severe congenital malformation. An umbilical e/o central intravascular catheter was inserted in all infants and each of them received antibiotics (one or more courses). The Candida species isolated were: C. albicans (n. 23; 88.5%), C. parapsilosis (n. 2; 7.6%) and C. glabrata (n. 1; 3.8%). Frequently encountered symptoms and signs in our neonates included: vasomotor instability with peripheral hypoperfusion (92%), gastro-intestinal disturbances (69%), respiratory distress and increasing ventilatory requirements (65%). Other symptoms were less frequent. 20 newborn infants had leucocytosis, 19 thrombocytopenia, 14 presented both signs. Factors found to be frequently associated with fungal infection included: use of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, presence of central venous or umbilical artery catheter, endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation, surgical abdominal intervention. After antifungal systemic therapy, clinical cure and microbiological eradication were achieved in 81% of cases, only 1 out of 11 deaths was directly attributed to Candida infection. In our experience the association of amphotericin B+ 5 glucytosine proved to be an effective and well-tolerated therapy for the treatment of severe fungal infections in neonates. A high index of suspicion, especially in premature infants (VLBW), a rapid diagnosis and early initiation of antifungal therapy still remain the essential features in treating neonatal fungal infections.