As part of emergency assistance to the Ministry of Health (MOH), national surveillance data for poliomyelitis and charts of cases at the national rehabilitation hospital were reviewed. Poliomyelitis patients admitted to Angola's main pediatric hospital were examined. A mean of 86 cases of poliomyelitis/year were reported in Angola during 1989-1994. Review of records from non-MOH sources uncovered another 74 cases, primarily from areas outside governmental control. Hospital chart reviews revealed that 80% of the cases were children <3 years of age, mainly unvaccinated. Molecular analyses of isolates from cases in Luanda and at the Angola-Namibia border suggest that these isolates are closely related and that > or = 2 strains of wild poliovirus type 1 are circulating currently in Angola. This investigation confirms that poliomyelitis has remained endemic in Angola since independence in 1975. It affects primarily young and unvaccinated children. Control of poliomyelitis in Angola is essential to expand the polio-free zone in southern Africa.