Purpose: We attempted to identify the source of fever during intracavitary upper tract instillation of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG).
Materials and methods: Of 34 patients who had previously undergone percutaneous resection of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma 18 received weekly intracavitary BCG through the nephrostomy tubes for 6 consecutive weeks. After treatment 6 all patients underwent nephroscopy and biopsy, and all cases were retrospectively reviewed. Parameters analyzed were BCG related symptoms, maximum temperature during treatment, maximum renal pelvic pressure during treatment, culture results, chest x-ray findings, pretreatment serum creatinine concentration, serum liver enzyme values, untoward events and treatments performed for BCG related complications.
Results: No obvious pattern in appearance of fever occurred. During 88 treatment episodes evaluated there were 14 temperature elevations to more than 100F in 7 patients (39%). Positive urine cultures were associated with fever in only 4 cases and none was positive for Mycobacterium. There was no correlation between greater renal pelvic pressures and fever. All chest radiographs and serum creatinine levels were unchanged, and liver enzymes were normal in all but 1 patient. Two patients had prolonged fever with elevations to greater than 104F following treatment: 1 died in a motor vehicle accident and 1 died after the third BCG infusion led to overwhelming sepsis. No source of fever was identified in either patient.
Conclusions: Patients with low grade fever coincident with upper tract BCG may be treated conservatively simply by withholding the infusion. Fever greater than 103F should be considered an emergency condition with high potential for mortality. Immediate and aggressive attempts at identifying a source along with institution of antituberculous therapy are priorities.