We developed a panel of highly specific monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to either human or dog collagen Type VI. Various degrees of species crossreactivities were found with ELISA and immunohistology. Because of these differentiating species specificities, which allowed distinction between the original donor collagen and newly formed host collagen, the MAb proved to be valuable tools in examination of explanted samples of an ovine composite vascular prosthesis retrieved from a canine model. With an MAb that reacts with dog but not sheep collagen Type VI, newly synthesized pockets of collagen Type VI could readily be detected within the prosthesis as early as 3 months after implantation. These areas were associated with regions of cell infiltration, presumably derived from the host. This association was also apparent in the newly formed intimal region of the prosthesis where only host cells were found. Another of the MAb, which was positive against human but not sheep collagen, was also used to demonstrate marked deposition of host collagen Type VI in a retrieved human sample of the prosthesis. In this case the antibody was able to detect collagen on a formalin-fixed tissue, which would broaden the scope of its use in clinical and pathological situations. Use of these novel antibody probes provides a rapid marker for new tissue augmentation of implanted biological devices which would be an indicator of the long-term performance of a prosthesis.