Human cathepsin S: chromosomal localization, gene structure, and tissue distribution

J Biol Chem. 1994 Apr 15;269(15):11530-6.

Abstract

The human lysosomal cysteine proteinases, cathepsins H, L, and B, have been mapped to chromosomes 15, 9, and 8, respectively, and the genomic structures of cathepsins L and B have been determined. We report here the chromosomal localization and partial gene structure for a recently sequenced human cysteine proteinase, cathepsin S. A 20-kilobase pair genomic clone of the human cathepsin S gene was isolated from a human fibroblast genomic library and used to map the human cathepsin S gene to chromosome 1q21 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. This clone contains exons 1 through 5, introns 1 through 4, part of intron 5, and > 7 kilobase pairs of the 5'-flanking sequence. The gene structure of human cathepsin S is similar to that of cathepsin L through the first 5 exons, except that cathepsin S introns are substantially larger. Sequencing of the 5'-flanking region revealed, similar to human cathepsin B, no classical TATA or CAAT box. In contrast to cathepsin B, cathepsin S contains only two SP1 and at least 18 AP1 binding sites that potentially could be involved in regulation of the gene. This 5'-flanking region also contains CA microsatellites. The presence of AP1 sites and CA microsatellites suggest that cathepsin S can be specifically regulated. Results of Northern blotting using probes for human cathepsins B, L, and S are consistent with this hypothesis; only cathepsin S shows a restricted tissue distribution, with highest levels in spleen, heart, and lung. In addition, immunostaining of lung tissue demonstrated detectable cathepsin S only in lung macrophages. The high level of expression in the spleen and in phagocytes suggests that cathepsin S may have a specific function in immunity, perhaps related to antigen processing.

Publication types

  • Comparative Study
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Base Sequence
  • Cathepsin L
  • Cathepsins / biosynthesis*
  • Cathepsins / genetics*
  • Chromosome Mapping
  • Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1*
  • Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15
  • Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
  • Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
  • Cysteine Endopeptidases
  • Endopeptidases*
  • Exons
  • Genomic Library
  • Hominidae / genetics*
  • Humans
  • Introns
  • Karyotyping
  • Lung / enzymology*
  • Molecular Sequence Data
  • Organ Specificity
  • Promoter Regions, Genetic

Substances

  • Cathepsins
  • Endopeptidases
  • Cysteine Endopeptidases
  • CTSL protein, human
  • Cathepsin L
  • cathepsin S

Associated data

  • GENBANK/U07369
  • GENBANK/U07370
  • GENBANK/U07371
  • GENBANK/U07372
  • GENBANK/U07373
  • GENBANK/U07374