A case of cirrhotic liver harbouring three atypical macroregenerative nodules and an hepatocellular carcinoma was immunocytochemically investigated for the expression of VLA-beta 1, VLA-alpha 2 and VLA-alpha 5 integrins and for different extracellular matrix (ECM) components (collagen I, collagen IV, laminin, fibronectin and tenascin). In addition, the proliferative activity within the nodules was evaluated, using the MIB 1 monoclonal antibody (MAb). The cirrhotic liver disclosed a continuous staining pattern of the ECM proteins investigated, as well as a "sinusoidal" immunostaining of VLA-beta 1, VLA-alpha 2 and VLA-alpha 5. The macroregenerative nodules showed a discontinued immunoreactivity for ECM proteins while maintaining a VLA-beta 1 sinusoidal immunostaining, coupled with intercellular immunostaining. VLA-alpha 2 and VLA-alpha 5 expression was lacking. The growth fraction was low in both the above pathological conditions. The hepatocellular carcinoma was devoid of any ECM immunostaining. VLA-beta 1 immunoreactivity exhibited a honeycomb pattern of staining, whereas VLA alpha subunits were absent. MIB1 expression was high, being present in 30% of neoplastic nuclei. A possible relationship between atypical macroregenerative nodules and hepatocellular carcinoma is discussed.