In the developing cerebellum, young granule neurons in the external germinal layer respond preferentially to BDNF, while mature neurons within the inner portion of the cerebellum respond preferentially to NT3. Here we show that this anatomic distinction reflects a developmentally regulated switch at the level of neurotrophin receptor gene expression. The salient feature of the developmental switch is a change in the ration of mRNA transcripts encoding functional BDNF and NT3 receptor tyrosine kinases. The ratio of the BDNF receptor trkB to the NT3 receptor trkC reverses from 5:1 in neonatal cerebellum to 1:3 in adult cerebellum. TrkB and TrkC are closely related transmembrane tyrosine protein kinases. However, activation of BDNF and NT3 receptors in cerebellar granule neurons do not give equivalent biological responses. In aggregate cell culture and single cell assays, BDNF enhances axonal outgrowth of early granule cells by influencing neurite elongation. In contrast, NT3 alters the morphology of outgrowth. Collectively, these findings suggest that regulation of neurotrophin receptors during cerebellar development is important for the timing and morphology of axonal growth.