The effect of deep magnetic stimulation on the cardiac-brain axis post-sleep deprivation: a pilot study

Abstract

Introduction: Sleep deprivation (SD) significantly disrupts the homeostasis of the cardiac-brain axis, yet the neuromodulation effects of deep magnetic stimulation (DMS), a non-invasive and safe method, remain poorly understood.

Methods: Sixty healthy adult males were recruited for a 36-h SD study, they were assigned to the DMS group or the control group according to their individual willing. All individuals underwent heart sound measurements and functional magnetic resonance imaging scans at the experiment's onset and terminal points. During the recovery sleep phase, DMS was applied twice for 30 min before sleep onset and upon awakening to the individuals in the DMS group. Two-factor analysis was used to disclose the changes in two status and intervention effect in groups, along with Spearman rank correlation analysis to assess the correlation between brain activity and heart activity, the linear regression analysis was performed to explore the effect of DMS on brain regions to regulated the heart activity. Additionally, bootstrapping analysis was employed to verify the mediation effect.

Results: The results indicated that the DMS group cardiac cycle duration was 0.81 ± 0.04 s, CON group was 0.80 ± 0.03 s, DMS presented a prolong effect (F = 0.32, p = 0.02), and all heart frequency and intensity indexes value were lower than CON group (p < 0.01). Two-factor analysis demonstrated the significant differences in the left insula and orbitofrontal inferior gyrus, which DC_Weight (0.25) value were lower 0.50 (p < 0.01), 0.42 (p < 0.01) after DMS. Furthermore, the correlation analysis confirmed that the negative association between the left orbital inferior frontal and left insula with the heart sound index (p < 0.05), such as Δ left orbital inferior frontal were negatively correlated with Δ Systolic_intensity (rho = -0.33, p < 0.05), Δ Diastolic_intensity (rho = -0.41, p < 0.05), Δ S1_intensity (rho = -0.36, p < 0.05), and Δ S2_intensity (rho = -0.43, p < 0.05). Δ Left insula was negatively correlated with Δ Diastolic_intensity (rho = -0.36, p < 0.05), Δ S1_intensity (rho = -0.33, p < 0.05), and Δ S2_intensity (rho = -0.36, p < 0.05). Mediated effect analysis showed that DMS affected S2_intensity by intervening in brain regions.

Conclusion: These findings suggest a causal effect on the cardiac-brain axis following 36 h of SD. The non-invasive intervention of DMS effectively regulates both brain and heart functions after SD, promoting homeostatic balance. The DMS can affect the cardiac-brain axis, offering a means to restore balance following extended periods of SD.

Keywords: cardiac-brain axis; deep magnetic stimulation (DMS); functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); heart sound; sleep deprivation.