Impact of measurement location on direct mitral regurgitation quantification using 4D flow CMR

Adarsh Aratikatla; Taimur Safder; Gloria Ayuba; Vinesh Appadurai; Aakash Gupta; Michael Markl; James Thomas; Jeesoo Lee

doi:10.1016/j.jocmr.2025.101847

Impact of measurement location on direct mitral regurgitation quantification using 4D flow CMR

J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2025 Jan 24:101847. doi: 10.1016/j.jocmr.2025.101847. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Adarsh Aratikatla¹, Taimur Safder², Gloria Ayuba², Vinesh Appadurai², Aakash Gupta³, Michael Markl⁴, James Thomas², Jeesoo Lee⁵

Affiliations

¹ School of Medicine, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, County Dublin, Ireland.
² Division of Cardiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
³ Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
⁴ Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
⁵ Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. Electronic address: jeesoolee@northwestern.edu.

PMID: 39864744
DOI: 10.1016/j.jocmr.2025.101847

Abstract

Background: Four-dimensional (4D) flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) shows promise for quantifying mitral regurgitation (MR) by allowing for direct regurgitant volume (RVol) measurement using a plane precisely placed at the MR jet. However, the ideal location of a measurement plane remains unclear. This study aims to systematically examine how varying measurement locations affect RVol quantification and determine the optimal location using the momentum conservation principle of a free jet.

Methods: Patients diagnosed with MR by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and scheduled for CMR were prospectively recruited. Regurgitant jet flow volume (RVol_jet) and regurgitant jet flow momentum (RMom_jet) were quantified using 4D flow CMR at 7 locations along the jet axis, x. The reference plane (mid-plane, x=0mm) was positioned at the peak velocity of the jet at each cardiac phase, and 3 additional planes were positioned on either side of the jet, each 2.5mm apart. RVol_jet was compared to RVol_TTE, measured by the proximal isovelocity surface area method and RVol_indirect, measured by subtracting aortic forward flow volume from the left ventricle stroke volume derived from 2D phase-contrast at the aortic valve and a stack of short-axis cine CMR techniques.

Results: RVol_jet and RMom_jet were quantified in 45 patients (age 63±13, male 26). In patients with RVol_jet at x=0mm ≥ 10ml (n=25), RVol_jet consistently increased as the plane moved downstream. RVol_jet measured furthest upstream (x=-7.5mm) was significantly lower (39±11%, p<0.001) and RVol_jet measured furthest downstream (x=7.5mm) was significantly higher (16±19%, p<0.001) than RVol_jet at x=0mm. RMom_jet similarly increased from x=-7.5 to 0mm (57±12%, p<0.001) but stabilized from x=0 to 7.5mm (-2±17%). From x=-7.5 to 7.5mm, RVol_jet was in consistent moderate agreement with RVol_indirect (n=41, bias=-2±24 to 8±32ml, ICC=0.55 to 0.63, p<0.001).

Conclusion: The location of a measurement plane significantly influences RVol quantification using the direct 4D flow CMR approach. Based on the converging profile of RMom_jet, we propose the peak velocity of the jet as the optimal position.

Keywords: 4D flow CMR; 4D flow MRI; Mitral regurgitation; Mitral valve disease; Valvular regurgitation.