Arterial Stiffness and Subsequent Incidence of CKD and Kidney Function Decline in a Large Longitudinal Community Cohort: The Atherosclerosis in Communities (ARIC) Study

Zhiqi Yao; Junichi Ishigami; Esther Kim; Shoshana H Ballew; Yingying Sang; Hirofumi Tanaka; Michelle L Meyer; Josef Coresh; Kunihiro Matsushita

doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2024.11.011

Arterial Stiffness and Subsequent Incidence of CKD and Kidney Function Decline in a Large Longitudinal Community Cohort: The Atherosclerosis in Communities (ARIC) Study

Am J Kidney Dis. 2025 Jan 23:S0272-6386(25)00040-X. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2024.11.011. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Zhiqi Yao¹, Junichi Ishigami², Esther Kim², Shoshana H Ballew², Yingying Sang², Hirofumi Tanaka³, Michelle L Meyer⁴, Josef Coresh², Kunihiro Matsushita⁵

Affiliations

¹ Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Baltimore, MD, USA.
² Department of Epidemiology and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
³ Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
⁴ Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
⁵ Department of Epidemiology and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: kmatsus5@jhmi.edu.

PMID: 39863260
DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2024.11.011

Abstract

Rationale & objective: Arterial stiffness is associated with prevalent chronic kidney disease (CKD). Whether arterial stiffness is prospectively associated with incident CKD is inconclusive.

Study design: Longitudinal cohort study.

Setting & participants: Using data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, the primary analysis included 3,161 participants without prevalent CKD at visit 5; a secondary analysis studied 4,341 participants with any estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) record across visits 5 to 7.

Exposure: Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), heart-femoral PWV (hfPWV), heart-ankle PWV (haPWV), brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV), heart-carotid PWV (hcPWV), and femoral-ankle PWV (faPWV).

Outcomes: Primary analysis - incident CKD, defined as an eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73m² accompanied by >25% decline eGFR or CKD hospitalization. Secondary analysis - eGFR slope.

Analytical approach: Primary analysis - Cox regression models to calculate hazard ratio (HR). Secondary analysis - multilevel mixed effects models to estimate the eGFR slope across visits.

Results: Median follow-up was 6.6 years. 460 participants developed incident CKD (incidence rate 22.0/1,000 person-years). The highest quartiles (Q4) of cfPWV, hfPWV, and haPWV were associated with an increased risk of incident CKD compared to the lowest quartile (Q1) (HRs, 1.53 [95% CI, 1.15 to 2.04] and 1.49 [95% CI, 1.12 to 1.99], and 1.56 [95% CI, 1.16 to 2.08], respectively). The results were consistent in subgroups. In the secondary analysis, the Q4s of cfPWV, hfPWV, haPWV, baPWV, and hcPWV were significantly associated with a faster eGFR decline compared to Q1 (e.g., for cfPWV, -0.44 mL/min/1.73 m²/year [95% CI, -0.56 to -0.33] in Q4 versus -0.37 [95% CI, -0.48 to -0.26] in Q1). All p-value <0.05. faPWV was not associated with incident CKD or eGFR slope.

Limitations: Residual confounding.

Conclusions: Greater arterial stiffness, especially higher cfPWV, hfPWV, and haPWV, was prospectively associated with a higher risk of incident CKD and faster decline in eGFR among community-dwelling older adults, supporting a pathophysiological contribution of arterial stiffness to the development of CKD.

Keywords: PWV; arterial stiffness; chronic kidney disease; eGFR; impaired kidney function; pulse wave velocity; the ARIC Study.