Concussion is a common injury in sports that causes neurological damage, leading to memory loss and difficulty concentrating. Insufficient recovery time may result in significant long-term harm to individuals. Several neuroimaging techniques have been used to understand the pathophysiological changes following concussion, and how long individuals need to recover before returning to play. Despite the progress in neuroimaging concussion research, few studies have considered whether females sustain different effects on the brain and how recovery from concussion might differ from males. Thus, we conducted a systematic review of the existing literature to highlight sex differences in concussion with neuroimaging techniques. By searching four different databases, studies were selected if they used a neuroimaging technique to examine sex differences following concussion in athletes over the age of 18. After screening 2295 studies from an initial search, 15 were found to match the selection criteria. Nine papers established some difference between males and females, however many of these studies were not designed to specifically examine sex differences, and hence conclusions in this regard are somewhat limited. A further common limitation among these papers was a lack of whole brain scans, instead relying on regions of interest analyses, which reduces the ability to compare studies effectively. The current systematic review has highlighted the need for future studies to specifically consider whether, and how sex influences the impact and trajectory of brain recovery from concussion. This can then help to inform suitable amendments to current concussion return-to-play protocols for male and female athletes.
Keywords: Concussion; Neuroimaging; Sex differences; Sports-related concussion; mTBI.
© 2025. The Author(s).