Effect of leisure activities on cognitive and memory function in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Abstract

Cognitive decline is an increasingly serious global health challenge. In recent years, an increasing number of non-traditional cognitive rehabilitation training (N-TCRT) interventions have been applied to improve cognitive function, however, Tthe existing evidence is restricted. The meta-analysis of this randomized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of leisure activity interventions compared to TCRT control on cognitive function in older adults. A literature search was conducted on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and related databases through June 31, 2024. The risk of bias was assessed using the PEDro scale. A total of 23 included RCTs (n = 1,293) utilized mahjong, poker, VR, and other games. Results show that leisure activities interventions improve global cognition function (MOCA, P < 0.00001; MMSE, P < 0.0001), memory function (DSB, P = 0.002; DSF, P = 0.03), executive function (TMT-A, P = 0.0009; TMT-B, P = 0.005) and quality of life (ADL, P < 0.000001; WHOQOL-OLD, P < 0.00001). In summary, leisure activities can improve some cognitive domains in older adults. (PROSPERO registration: CRD42024563951).

Keywords: Cognitive function; Leisure activities; Memory function; Meta-analysis; Parkinson’s disease; Quality of life.