Dietary Shifts Among the Developmental Stages of the Ectoparasite, Argulus japonicus (Crustacea; Branchiura), Mirror Ontogeny as Shown Through Differences in Stable Isotope Ratios of Carbon (δ13C) and Nitrogen (δ15N)

Beric M Gilbert; Milen Nachev; Bernd Sures; Annemariè Avenant-Oldewage

doi:10.1002/ece3.70652

Dietary Shifts Among the Developmental Stages of the Ectoparasite, Argulus japonicus (Crustacea; Branchiura), Mirror Ontogeny as Shown Through Differences in Stable Isotope Ratios of Carbon (δ¹³C) and Nitrogen (δ¹⁵N)

Ecol Evol. 2025 Jan 9;15(1):e70652. doi: 10.1002/ece3.70652. eCollection 2025 Jan.

Authors

Beric M Gilbert¹, Milen Nachev², Bernd Sures^{1

2

3}, Annemariè Avenant-Oldewage¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Zoology University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa.
² Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research University of Duisburg-Essen Essen Germany.
³ Research Center One Health Ruhr, Research Alliance Ruhr University of Duisburg-Essen Essen Germany.

Abstract

Food web architecture and trophic interactions between organisms can be studied using ratios of naturally occurring stable isotopes of carbon (¹³C/¹²C) and nitrogen (¹⁵N/¹⁴N). Most studies, however, focused on free-living organisms, but recently, there has been growing interest in understanding trophic interactions of parasites. The crustacean ectoparasite Argulus japonicus is a well-studied parasite of freshwater teleost fish, which has low host specificity and a cosmopolitan distribution. Little is known about the trophic interactions between various developmental stages of this parasite and its host. This study compares stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) among developmental stages of A. japonicus. It was hypothesised firstly that stable isotopes would vary among the developmental stages of the parasite with differences matching ontogenetic development of the parasite. Secondly, fractionation patterns among developmental stages would relate to different fish tissues and particles, such as algae, ingested by the parasite. Goldfish, Carassius auratus, were infected with A. japonicus, and different developmental stages of the parasite were isolated and prepared for stable isotope analysis. Differences in stable isotope enrichment correlated with the ontogenetic development of the parasite. In adult parasites, δ¹⁵N was higher than in the host's tissues, whereas stage two larvae showed the lowest δ¹⁵N values. Infection by A. japonicus alters δ¹³C ratios between infected and uninfected hosts, where the latter group showed lower δ¹³C compared to uninfected hosts. Source contribution comparison showed that algae was not incorporated into the diet of A. japonicus and tissues of the host served as the only dietary source of nourishment. These results further suggest that the diet of the parasite is mixed and correlates to the ontogenetic development of A. japonicus.

Keywords: Branchiura; copepodite; feeding; fish lice; larval development; nauplius.