Costs of typhoid vaccination for international travelers from the United States

Heesoo Joo; Brian A Maskery; Louise K Francois Watkins; Joohyun Park; Kristina M Angelo; Eric S Halsey

doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2025.102798

Costs of typhoid vaccination for international travelers from the United States

Travel Med Infect Dis. 2025 Jan 10:102798. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2025.102798. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Heesoo Joo¹, Brian A Maskery², Louise K Francois Watkins³, Joohyun Park², Kristina M Angelo³, Eric S Halsey²

Affiliations

¹ Division of Global Migration Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. Electronic address: hjoo@cdc.gov.
² Division of Global Migration Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
³ Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.

PMID: 39800039
DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2025.102798

Abstract

In the United States, typhoid vaccination is recommended for international travelers to areas with a recognized risk of typhoid exposure. Using MarketScan® Commercial Database from 2016 through 2022, we estimated typhoid vaccination costs by route (injectable vs. oral) and provider setting (clinic vs. pharmacy). Of 165,930 vaccinated individuals, 99,471 received injectable and 66,459 received oral typhoid vaccines, with 88% and 17% respectively administered at clinics. Average costs for injectable vaccination were $132.91 per person [95% confidence interval (CI): $132.68-$133.13], with clinic and pharmacy costs at $136.38 [95% CI: $136.14-$136.63], and $107.45 [95% CI: $107.13-$107.77] respectively. Oral vaccination costs averaged $81.23 per person [95% CI: $81.14-$81.33], encompassing $86.61 [95% CI: $86.13-$87.10] at clinics and $80.14 [95% CI: $80.09-$80.19] at pharmacies. Out-of-pocket costs comprised 21% and 33% of total costs for injectable and oral vaccinations. These findings may inform clinical decision-making to protect international travelers' health.

Keywords: typhoid fever; typhoid vaccination; vaccination costs.