Comparative Effects of Different Exercise Types on Cardiovascular Health and Executive Function in Sedentary Young Individuals

Jinglin Huang; Lu Leng; Min Hu; Xuyan Cui; Xu Yan; Ziqing Liu; Kangle Wang; Jiarui Wu; Shan He; Weiji Deng; Peilun Li; Yilin Chen; Dongdong Gao; Yuan Wei; Junhao Huang

doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000003645

Comparative Effects of Different Exercise Types on Cardiovascular Health and Executive Function in Sedentary Young Individuals

Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2025 Jan 9. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003645. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Jinglin Huang¹, Lu Leng², Min Hu¹, Xuyan Cui¹, Xu Yan³, Ziqing Liu¹, Kangle Wang⁴, Jiarui Wu¹, Shan He⁵, Weiji Deng¹, Peilun Li¹, Yilin Chen¹, Dongdong Gao¹, Yuan Wei¹, Junhao Huang

Affiliations

¹ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, CHINA.
² College of Foreign Languages, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, CHINA.
³ Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, AUSTRALIA.
⁴ Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, CHINA.
⁵ Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, CHINA.

PMID: 39780353
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003645

Abstract

Purpose: The present study aimed to compare the impacts of different exercise types on cardiovascular health and executive function in sedentary young individuals, and to determine the associations between cardiovascular function and executive function (EF) after exercise.

Methods: Sixty-three sedentary participants were randomly divided into high-intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), resistance exercise (RE), and control groups. Macro- and microvascular endothelial function were assessed using brachial artery flow-mediated dilation and fingertip reactive hyperemia index, respectively. Arterial stiffness was evaluated through carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, ankle-brachial index, and augmentation index. EF performance was evaluated using the Stroop and N-back tasks. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy was employed to measure cortical activation and real-time oxyhemoglobin concentration (Oxy-Hb) changes in different cerebral regions. Key circulating biomarkers for vascular and cognitive function, including BDNF, irisin, VEGF, IGF-1, and TNF-α, were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

Results: Eight weeks of HIIT, MICT, and RE effectively improved macro- and microvascular endothelial function while reducing arterial stiffness in sedentary young individuals. Furthermore, exercise-induced increase in BDNF level was correlated with enhanced macrovascular endothelial function, while increase in IGF-1 level was associated with enhanced microvascular endothelial function and reduced arterial stiffness. Notably, both HIIT and MICT, but not RE, efficiently enhanced Oxy-Hb level in certain brain regions, such as the FPA and DLPFC, leading to the improvement in EF performance. Exercise-induced increase in Oxy-Hb level and EF performance were correlated with enhanced BDNF level and endothelial function and reduced arterial stiffness.

Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that 8 weeks of HIIT, MICT, and RE effectively improved endothelial function in both macro- and microvessels, and arterial stiffness among sedentary young individuals. However, HIIT and MICT, but not RE, notably increased blood oxygen level in the FPA and DLPFC brain regions and improved EF performance. Due to the efficiency and time-saving features of HIIT, the present study highlights HIIT as an effective exercise prescription for promoting vascular and EF in sedentary young individuals. Importantly, the observed improvements in cardiovascular function following exercise training is pivotal in improving EF, and elevated circulating levels of biomarkers like BDNF and IGF-1, induced by exercise, are involved in the regulatory mechanisms.