Chronic Pain Treatment Utilization in Rural Versus Urban/Suburban Inhabitants Following Traumatic Brain Injury

Levi Bale; Mitch Sevigny; Jeanne M Hoffman

doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000001030

Chronic Pain Treatment Utilization in Rural Versus Urban/Suburban Inhabitants Following Traumatic Brain Injury

J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2025 Jan 3. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0000000000001030. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Levi Bale¹, Mitch Sevigny, Jeanne M Hoffman

Affiliation

¹ Author Affiliations: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (Drs Bale and Hoffman); and Craig Hospital Research Department, Englewood, Colorado (Mr Sevigny).

PMID: 39752593
DOI: 10.1097/HTR.0000000000001030

Abstract

Objective: To determine whether there are differences in healthcare utilization for chronic pain based on location (rural vs urban/suburban) or healthcare system (civilians vs Military Service Members and Veterans [SMVs]) after moderate-severe TBI.

Setting: Eighteen Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems (TBIMS) Centers.

Participants: A total of 1,741 TBIMS participants 1 to 30 years post-injury reporting chronic pain at their most recent follow-up interview.

Primary measures: Sociodemographic, injury, function outcome, pain, and pain treatment characteristics.

Results: Participants were mostly male (72.9%), White (75.2%), civilian (76.9%), 46 years old on average, and had greater than high school education (59.9%). 32% of participants resided in rural areas and 67% in urban/suburban areas. No significant difference in healthcare utilization for chronic pain was observed between individuals living in rural versus urban/suburban locations after adjustment for relevant covariates. However, rural SMVs had odds ratios >3 for each major treatment category including medical services (OR = 3.56), exercise therapies (OR = 5.23), psychological services (OR = 4.43), complementary and alternative therapies (OR = 3.23), and pain rehabilitation program (OR = 4.16) compared to rural civilians. This same pattern of findings was seen SMVs in urban/suburban settings as well. Being married versus single, bachelor/graduate education versus high school or less, and employed versus unemployed all had odds ratios >1 for exercise therapies, psychological services, complementary and alternative therapies, and pain rehab program.

Conclusion: Contrary to initial hypotheses, there were no significant differences in healthcare utilization for chronic pain treatment comparing those in rural versus urban/suburban areas. However, differences were found between SMVs and civilians across both rural and urban/suburban locations suggesting that SMVs have more access to chronic pain treatment. The improved access to social and financial services afforded by VHA programs to SMVs may serve as a model for improving healthcare utilization in similar civilian populations.