Does septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction lead to poor outcomes? A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Ashleigh Peng Lin; Bao Tu Thai Nguyen; Son Quang Tran; Yi-Jie Kuo; Shu-Wei Huang; Yu-Pin Chen

doi:10.1186/s43019-024-00248-z

Does septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction lead to poor outcomes? A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Knee Surg Relat Res. 2024 Dec 5;36(1):45. doi: 10.1186/s43019-024-00248-z.

Authors

Ashleigh Peng Lin¹, Bao Tu Thai Nguyen^{2

3}, Son Quang Tran³, Yi-Jie Kuo^{4

5}, Shu-Wei Huang⁶, Yu-Pin Chen^{7

8}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
² The International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
³ Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Vietnam.
⁴ Department of Orthopedics, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁵ Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶ Department of Applied Science, National Taitung University, Taitung City, Taiwan.
⁷ Department of Orthopedics, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. 99231@w.tmu.edu.tw.
⁸ Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. 99231@w.tmu.edu.tw.

Abstract

Background: Septic arthritis is a rare but devastating complication after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). While early treatment can prevent significant graft complications, outcomes are often inferior to those in uncomplicated ACLR. Furthermore, whether to retain or remove the graft after infection remains debatable. Therefore, we sought to compare the outcomes of septic arthritis post ACLR with uncomplicated ACLR and evaluate graft retention versus removal in infected patients.

Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis in which PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched. Clinical studies were included if they compared patient-reported, clinician-reported, or radiographic outcomes (minimum follow-up of 12 months) between patients with post-ACLR septic arthritis and those with uncomplicated ACLR or that compared graft retention and removal in patients with post-ACLR septic arthritis.

Results: Thirteen studies were retrieved. Patients with post-ACLR septic arthritis reported inferior Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale scores (mean difference (MD) 7.53; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.20-11.86; P = 0.0006), Tegner Activity Scale scores (MD, 1.42; 95% CI 1.07-1.76; P < .00001), and return to sports rates (53% versus 76%, respectively) to those of patients with uncomplicated ACLR. Patients with post-ACLR septic arthritis and those with uncomplicated ACLR did not differ in terms of the pooled estimate of various clinician-reported outcomes, such as the objective International Knee Documentation Committee score, anterior-posterior laxity, pivot shift, and Lachman test results. Furthermore, no significant difference was noted between the aforementioned patient groups regarding osteoarthritis (detected radiographically). Graft retention led to better patient- and clinician-reported outcomes than graft removal.

Conclusions: Despite similar clinician-reported outcomes and osteoarthritis rates, patients with post-ACLR septic arthritis reported worse outcomes than those with uncomplicated ACLR. Graft retention leads to improved patient- and clinician-reported outcomes compared with the outcomes of graft removal. Our findings may help develop realistic expectations and management strategies for this rare complication.

Keywords: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; Clinician-reported outcome; Graft removal; Graft retention; Infection; Osteoarthritis; Patient-reported outcome; Septic arthritis.