Structure-Based Design of Covalent SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like Protease Inhibitors

J Med Chem. 2024 Nov 28;67(22):20399-20420. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01872. Epub 2024 Nov 5.

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by SARS-CoV-2, a highly transmissible and pathogenic RNA betacoronavirus. Like other RNA viruses, SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve with or without drug selection pressure, and many variants have emerged since the beginning of the pandemic. The papain-like protease, PLpro, is a cysteine protease that cleaves viral polyproteins as well as ubiquitin and ISG15 modifications from host proteins. Leveraging our recently discovered Val70Ub binding site in PLpro, we designed covalent PLpro inhibitors by connecting cysteine reactive warheads to the biarylphenyl PLpro inhibitors via flexible linkers. Several leads displayed potent enzymatic inhibition (IC50 = 0.1-0.3 μM) and antiviral activity (EC50 = 0.09-0.96 μM). Fumaramide inhibitors Jun13567 (15), Jun13728 (16), and Jun13714 (18) showed favorable in vivo pharmacokinetic properties with intraperitoneal injection. The X-ray crystal structure of PLpro with Jun13567 (15) validated our design strategy, revealing covalent conjugation between the catalytic Cys111 and the fumaramide warhead. The results suggest these covalent PLpro inhibitors are promising SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drug candidates.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Antiviral Agents* / chemical synthesis
  • Antiviral Agents* / chemistry
  • Antiviral Agents* / pharmacology
  • Binding Sites
  • COVID-19 Drug Treatment
  • Coronavirus 3C Proteases / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Coronavirus 3C Proteases / metabolism
  • Coronavirus Papain-Like Proteases / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Coronavirus Papain-Like Proteases / chemistry
  • Coronavirus Papain-Like Proteases / metabolism
  • Crystallography, X-Ray
  • Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / chemical synthesis
  • Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / chemistry
  • Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / pharmacology
  • Drug Design*
  • Humans
  • Models, Molecular
  • Protease Inhibitors / chemistry
  • Protease Inhibitors / pharmacology
  • Rats
  • SARS-CoV-2* / drug effects
  • Structure-Activity Relationship

Substances

  • Antiviral Agents
  • Coronavirus Papain-Like Proteases
  • papain-like protease, SARS-CoV-2
  • Coronavirus 3C Proteases
  • Protease Inhibitors
  • Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors