Multi-Omics Mendelian Randomization Study Investigating the Impact of PCSK9 and HMGCR Inhibition on Type 2 Diabetes Across Five Populations

Daniel B Rosoff; Josephin Wagner; Jeesun Jung; Pal Pacher; Constantinos Christodoulides; George Davey Smith; David Ray; Falk W Lohoff

doi:10.2337/db24-0451

Multi-Omics Mendelian Randomization Study Investigating the Impact of PCSK9 and HMGCR Inhibition on Type 2 Diabetes Across Five Populations

Diabetes. 2024 Oct 17:db240451. doi: 10.2337/db24-0451. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Daniel B Rosoff^{1

2

3}, Josephin Wagner¹, Jeesun Jung¹, Pal Pacher⁴, Constantinos Christodoulides², George Davey Smith³, David Ray^{2

5}, Falk W Lohoff¹

Affiliations

¹ Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
² Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.
³ MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
⁴ Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
⁵ NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.

PMID: 39418486
DOI: 10.2337/db24-0451

Abstract

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) varies among populations of different race/ethnicity. The influence of genetically-proxied lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering through proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) and HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) on T2D in non-European populations is not well established.A drug-target Mendelian randomization (MR) approach was used to assess the effects of PCSK9 and HMGCR inhibition on T2D risk and glycemic traits in five populations: East Asian (EAS), South Asian (SAS), Hispanic (HISP), African (AFR), and European (EUR). Our study did not find relationships between genetically-proxied PCSK9 inhibition and T2D risk in EAS (odds ratio [OR]=1.02, [0.95-1.10]), SAS (OR=1.05, [0.97-1.14]), HISP (OR=1.03, [0.94-1.12]), or EUR (OR=1.04, [0.98-1.11]). However, in AFR, primary analyses suggested an increased risk of T2D due to PCSK9 inhibition (OR=1.53, [1.058-2.22], P-value=0.024), although this was not supported in sensitivity analyses. Genetically-proxied HMGCR inhibition was associated with an increased risk of T2D in SAS (OR=1.44, [1.30-1.61], P-value=9.8×10-12), EAS (OR=1.36, [1.22-1.51], P-value=4.2×10-10), and EUR (OR=1.52, [1.21-1.90], P-value=3.3×10-4). These results were consistent across various sensitivity analyses, including colocalization, indicating a robust finding. The findings indicate a neutral impact of long-term PCSK9 inhibition on T2D and glycemic markers in most non-European populations, with a potential increased risk in AFR cohorts. By contrast, HMGCR inhibition increased the risk of T2D in South Asian, East Asian, and European cohorts, underscoring the need to consider diversity in genetic research on metabolic diseases.