Development and Validation of a Computed Tomography-Based Model for Noninvasive Prediction of the T Stage in Gastric Cancer: Multicenter Retrospective Study

Abstract

Background: As part of the TNM (tumor-node-metastasis) staging system, T staging based on tumor depth is crucial for developing treatment plans. Previous studies have constructed a deep learning model based on computed tomographic (CT) radiomic signatures to predict the number of lymph node metastases and survival in patients with resected gastric cancer (GC). However, few studies have reported the combination of deep learning and radiomics in predicting T staging in GC.

Objective: This study aimed to develop a CT-based model for automatic prediction of the T stage of GC via radiomics and deep learning.

Methods: A total of 771 GC patients from 3 centers were retrospectively enrolled and divided into training, validation, and testing cohorts. Patients with GC were classified into mild (stage T1 and T2), moderate (stage T3), and severe (stage T4) groups. Three predictive models based on the labeled CT images were constructed using the radiomics features (radiomics model), deep features (deep learning model), and a combination of both (hybrid model).

Results: The overall classification accuracy of the radiomics model was 64.3% in the internal testing data set. The deep learning model and hybrid model showed better performance than the radiomics model, with overall classification accuracies of 75.7% (P=.04) and 81.4% (P=.001), respectively. On the subtasks of binary classification of tumor severity, the areas under the curve of the radiomics, deep learning, and hybrid models were 0.875, 0.866, and 0.886 in the internal testing data set and 0.820, 0.818, and 0.972 in the external testing data set, respectively, for differentiating mild (stage T1~T2) from nonmild (stage T3~T4) patients, and were 0.815, 0.892, and 0.894 in the internal testing data set and 0.685, 0.808, and 0.897 in the external testing data set, respectively, for differentiating nonsevere (stage T1~T3) from severe (stage T4) patients.

Conclusions: The hybrid model integrating radiomics features and deep features showed favorable performance in diagnosing the pathological stage of GC.

Keywords: T stage; accuracy; binary classification; cancer; computed tomography; deep learning; gastric cancer; hybrid model; multicenter study; pathological stage; performance; radiomics; tumor.