A metabolomics approach reveals the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of Cistanche tubulosa stems and its combination with fluoxetine on depression in comorbid with sexual dysfunction

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevance: The dried succulent stems of Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Wight are utilized in traditional medicine for tonifying kidney yang, which have shown to be effective in alleviating depression-like behaviors or male sexual dysfunction, respectively. However, the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of C. tubulosa and its combinations in the treatment of depression in comorbid with sexual dysfunction remain unclear.

Aim of the study: This study aims to elucidate the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of C. tubulosa aqueous extract (CTE) and its combination with fluoxetine (FLX) on depression in comorbid with sexual dysfunction.

Materials and methods: A mouse model of depression in comorbid with sexual dysfunction was created using the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) procedure. The therapeutic effects of CTE and its combination with FLX were assessed using depressive-like and mating behavior experiments, histopathological analysis, and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis function evaluation. The mechanisms were explored by integrated serum and testicular metabolomics combined with network correlation analysis.

Results: CTE was confirmed to significantly improve depressive-like behaviors, reduce mating abilities, testicular histopathological damage, and HPG axis hormone secretion disorders in CUMS mice. Subsequently, mechanism exploration findings indicated that CTE might exert its effect by regulating potential efficacy-related biomarkers (isobutyrylglycine, citric acid, D-galactose) to improve certain metabolic pathways centered around steroid hormone biosynthesis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Furthermore, the combination of CTE and FLX exhibited stronger antidepressant effects than FLX alone, and ameliorated the exacerbated sexual dysfunction induced by FLX. These effects were achieved through the regulation of potential efficacy-related biomarkers (17α-hydroxypregnenolone, tetrahydrodeoxy-corticosterone, sphingosine, cortol, thymine, and L-histidine), thereby improving disorders in glycerophospholipid and histidine metabolism.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the amelioration effects of CTE and its combination with FLX on depression in comorbid with sexual dysfunction were confirmed for the first time. This key mechanism may be achieved by modulating the levels of potential efficacy-related biomarkers, and then emphatically intervene in steroid hormone biosynthesis, TCA cycle, glycerophospholipid and histidine metabolism. The study offers a new perspective for the development and utilization of C. tubulosa.

Keywords: Cistanche tubulosa (schenk) wight; Depression in comorbid with sexual dysfunction; Fluoxetine; Metabolomics.