Dehydroepiandrosterone-α-2-Deoxyglucoside Exhibits Enhanced Anticancer Effects in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells and Inhibits Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity

Abstract

In the pentose phosphate pathway, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) uncompetitively inhibits glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), reducing NADPH production and increasing oxidative stress, which can influence the onset and/or progression of several diseases, including cancer. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), a glucose mimetic, competes with glucose for cellular uptake, inhibiting glycolysis and competing with glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) for G6PD activity. In this study, we report that DHEA-α-2-DG (5), an α-covalent conjugate of DHEA and 2-DG, exhibits better anticancer activity than DHEA, 2-DG, DHEA +2-DG, and polydatin in MCF-7 cells, and reduces NADPH/NADP⁺ ratio in cellular assays. In vitro enzyme kinetics and molecular docking studies showed that 5 uncompetitively inhibits human G6PD activity and binds to the structural NADP⁺ site but not to the catalytic NADP⁺ site. Further combining 5 with the FDA-approved drug tamoxifen enhanced its cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells, suggesting that it could serve as a candidate for combination of drug strategies.

Keywords: 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (2‐DG); dehydropiandrosterone (DHEA); glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD); glycolysis; pentose phosphate pathway (PPP); reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH).