Development of an automated high-content immunofluorescence assay of pSmads quantification: Proof-of-concept with drugs inhibiting the BMP/TGF-β pathways

Abstract

Introduction: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and transforming growth factors (TGF-β) are members of the TGF-β superfamily, known for their roles in several physiological and pathological processes. These factors are known to bind in vivo to BMP and TGF-β receptors, respectively, which induces the phosphorylation of Smad (pSmad) transcription factors. This pathway is generally studied with Western blot and luciferase bioluminescence assay, which presents some limitations.

Purpose: In this work, we developed and optimized a high-throughput assay to study pSmad pathways using immunofluorescence (IF) as an alternative to Western blot. We aimed to overcome the technical challenges usually faced in the classical IF assay in image acquisition, analysis, and quantification.

Methods: We used C2C12 cells as a cellular model. The cells were stimulated with BMP-2 and TGF-β1 that were delivered either in solution (soluble) or via a biomaterial presenting the growth factor (GF), that is in a "matrix-bound" manner. Image acquisition parameters, analysis methods, and quantification of pSmads using IF were optimized for cells cultured on two types of supports: on bare glass and on a biomimetic coating made by self-assembly of the biopolymers hyaluronic acid and poly(l-lysine), which was crosslinked and then loaded with the GFs.

Results: We performed high-content kinetic studies of pSmad expression for cells cultured in 96-well microplates in response to soluble and matrix-bound BMP-2 and TGF-β1. The detection limit of the IF-based assay was found to be similar to Western blot. Additionally, we provide a proof-of-concept for drug testing using inhibitors of BMP and TGF-β receptors, under conditions where specific signaling pathways are engaged via the ligand/receptor interactions. Altogether, our findings offer perspectives for future mechanistic studies on cell signaling and for studies at the single cell level using imaging methods.

Keywords: BMP; BMPR; biomaterials; drugs; high‐content screening; immunofluorescence.