Neurodegenerative diseases, originating from irreversible progressive loss of neuronal structure or function, are difficult to diagnose and treat. They vary widely in scope and have poor prevention and prognosis. Therefore, research on their early diagnosis is particularly important. Exosomes are small vesicles of cellular origin that contain various bioactive small molecules, such as proteins, RNAs, and DNAs, and play important roles in intercellular communication. Recent studies have shown that exosomes and their non-coding RNAs are key factors in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, exosomes and their non-coding RNAs may provide a breakthrough for the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarizes the biology of exosomes and the current research progress of exosomes and their non-coding RNAs in diagnosing neurodegenerative diseases and further explores the challenges and prospects they face.
神经退行性疾病起源于神经元结构或功能的不可逆的进行性丧失，其诊治难、范围广，且预防和预后较差，因此对其早期诊断的研究显得格外重要。外泌体是一种细胞来源的小囊泡，包含蛋白质、RNA、DNA等多种生物活性小分子，在细胞间通信中发挥着重要功能。最近研究表明，外泌体及其非编码RNA是多种神经退行性疾病发病机制的关键因素。因此，外泌体及其非编码RNA或许能为神经退行性疾病的早期诊断带来新的突破口。本文对外泌体的生物学及目前外泌体及其非编码RNA在神经退行性疾病诊断中的研究进展进行阐述，并进一步探讨其面临的挑战和前景。.