Comparison of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and repeated intensified immunosuppressive therapy as second-line treatment for relapsed/refractory severe aplastic anemia

Front Immunol. 2024 Aug 16:15:1425076. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1425076. eCollection 2024.

Abstract

The optimal treatment for patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) who fail an initial course of antithymocyte globulin (ATG) plus cyclosporine has not yet been established. We compared the effectiveness of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) (n = 36) with repeated immunosuppressive therapy (IST) (n = 33) for relapsed/refractory SAA between 2007 and 2022. In the IST group, patients were retreated with ATG (n = 16) or high-dose cyclophosphamide (n = 17). The overall response rate was 57.6% at 6 months and 60.6% at 12 months. In the allo-HSCT group, patients received a transplant from a matched sibling donor (n = 6), matched unrelated donor (n = 7), or haploidentical donor (n = 23). All patients achieved neutrophil engraftment, and there were no cases of primary graft failure. The cumulative incidences (CIs) of grades II-IV and III-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) were 36.1% ± 0.7% and 13.9% ± 0.3% at day +100, respectively. The 4-year CI of chronic GVHD (cGVHD) was 36.2% ± 0.7%, with moderate to severe cGVHD at 14.9% ± 0.4%. Compared with IST, HSCT recipients showed much higher hematologic recovery rate at 3, 6, and 12 months (63.9%, 83.3%, and 86.1%, respectively, p < 0.001). The estimated 4-year overall survival (OS) (79.8% ± 6.8% vs. 80.0% ± 7.3%, p = 0.957) was similar; however, the failure-free survival (FFS) was significantly better in the HSCT group (79.8% ± 6.8% vs. 56.6% ± 8.8%, p = 0.049). Of note, children in the HSCT cohort were all alive without treatment failures, exhibiting superior OS (100% vs. 50.0% ± 17.7%, p = 0.004) and FFS (100% vs. 50.0% ± 17.7%, p = 0.004) than children in the IST cohort. Subgroup analysis revealed that younger patients (age ≤ 35 years), especially children, and those with refractory SAA benefited more from HSCT. Therefore, for these patients, salvage HSCT may be more preferable than a second course of IST.

Keywords: hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; immunosuppressive therapy; refractory; relapse; severe aplastic anemia.

Publication types

  • Comparative Study

MeSH terms

  • Adolescent
  • Adult
  • Anemia, Aplastic* / mortality
  • Anemia, Aplastic* / therapy
  • Antilymphocyte Serum / administration & dosage
  • Antilymphocyte Serum / therapeutic use
  • Child
  • Child, Preschool
  • Cyclophosphamide / administration & dosage
  • Cyclophosphamide / therapeutic use
  • Cyclosporine / administration & dosage
  • Cyclosporine / therapeutic use
  • Female
  • Graft vs Host Disease* / etiology
  • Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation* / adverse effects
  • Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation* / methods
  • Humans
  • Immunosuppression Therapy / methods
  • Immunosuppressive Agents* / administration & dosage
  • Immunosuppressive Agents* / therapeutic use
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Recurrence*
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Transplantation, Homologous
  • Treatment Outcome
  • Young Adult

Substances

  • Immunosuppressive Agents
  • Antilymphocyte Serum
  • Cyclophosphamide
  • Cyclosporine

Grants and funding

The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (2021-I2M-1-017 and 2021-I2M-C&T-B-080), a Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Commission Grant (21JCZDJC01170), the Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem Innovation Fund (22HHXBSS00036), National Nature Science Foundation of China (82170217), Clinical Research Project of Tianjin Society of Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (2022 TSHRM08003), and the Special Fund Project for Science and Technology Innovation Strategy of Nanjing (YKK21273).