Artificial Intelligence in Cardiovascular Medicine: From Clinical Care, Education, and Research Applications to Foundational Models-A Perspective

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Heartwise (heartwise.ai), Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Electronic address: robert.avram.md@gmail.com.
• ² Department of Cardiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia; Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Murdoch, Western Australia. Electronic address: https://twitter.com/cardiacimager.
• ³ Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Canadian VIGOUR Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Electronic address: https://twitter.com/Padma_Kaul.
• ⁴ The Blalock-Taussig-Thomas Pediatric and Congenital Heart Center, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Research Institute, SickKids Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
• ⁵ Division of Cardiology, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.