Availability of behavioral health crisis care and associated changes in emergency department utilization

Abstract

Objective: To determine whether availability of behavioral health crisis care services is associated with changes in emergency department (ED) utilization.

Data sources and study setting: We used longitudinal panel data (2016-2021) on ED utilization from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's State ED Databases and a novel dataset on crisis care services compiled using information from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's National Directories of Mental Health Treatment Facilities. A total of 1002 unique zip codes from Arizona, Florida, Kentucky, Maryland, and Wisconsin were included in our analyses.

Study design: To estimate the effect of crisis care availability on ED utilization, we used a linear regression model with zip code and year fixed effects and standard errors accounting for clustering at the zip code-level. ED utilization related to mental, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental (MBD) disorders served as our primary outcome. We also examined pregnancy-related ED utilization as a nonequivalent dependent variable to assess residual bias in effect estimates.

Data collection/extraction methods: We extracted data on crisis care services offered by mental health treatment facilities (n = 14,726 facility-years) from the National Directories. MBD-related ED utilization was assessed by applying the Clinical Classification Software Refined from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project to the primary ICD-10-CM diagnosis code on each ED encounter (n = 101,360,483). All data were aggregated to the zip code-level (n = 6012 zip-years).

Principal findings: The overall rate of MBD-related ED visits between 2016 and 2021 was 1610 annual visits per 100,000 population. Walk-in crisis stabilization services were associated with reduced MBD-related ED utilization (coefficient = -0.028, p = 0.009), but were not significantly associated with changes in pregnancy-related ED utilization.

Conclusions: Walk-in crisis stabilization services were associated with reductions in MBD-related ED utilization. Decision-makers looking to reduce MBD-related ED utilization should consider increasing access to this promising alternative model.

Keywords: behavioral health; crisis stabilization; emergency department utilization; emergency services; longitudinal panel.