Protein-losing enteropathy as a new phenotype in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by CD46 gene mutation

Abstract

Background: Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a life-threatening thrombotic microangiopathy. Genetic defects in the alternative complement (AP) pathway have been identified in 60-70% of individuals. Eculizumab is recommended as a first-line therapy.

Methods: We collected the clinical data of a pediatric patient with aHUS accompanied by protein-losing enteropathy (PLE). Genetic testing was performed. Related literature on aHUS combined with PLE was reviewed.

Results: A 15-year-old Chinese girl was diagnosed with aHUS at 3.7 years of age and experienced five episodes; her symptoms completely resolved with plasma treatment. Severe gastrointestinal symptoms and hypoalbuminemia presented after the first episode, and PLE was diagnosed. A novel homozygous CD46 variant was identified, and FACS revealed significantly decreased CD46 expression. She presented at a recent relapse with persistent GI symptoms and headache and progressed to chronic kidney failure; peritoneal dialysis was initiated. Eculizumab was given 8 months after the last recurrence. Surprisingly, PLE was cured. Afterward, dialysis was discontinued, and eGFR recovered to 44.8 ml/min/1.73 m². A review of the literature indicated that PLE with thrombosis was caused by CD55 variants via hyperactivation of the AP system. We report an aHUS patient with PLE caused by CD46 variants. Symptoms of both PLE and aHUS were significantly alleviated in our patient and patients with CD55 variants treated with eculizumab, indicating that PLE was a new symptom of aHUS in our patient with a CD46 variant.

Conclusions: Our case expands the phenotype of aHUS caused by a CD46 mutation and provides evidence of the efficacy of eculizumab after a long phase of chronic kidney failure.

Keywords: Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome; Chronic kidney failure; Eculizumab; New phenotype; Protein-losing enteropathy; Recovery.