The phenol red compound: A potential artifact in pharmacological induction of ferroptosis

Abstract

Phenol red (PR) is a commonly used compound in culture media as a pH indicator. However, it is unknown whether this compound can interfere with the pharmacological induction of ferroptosis. Here, using high-content live-cell imaging death analysis, we determined that the presence of PR in the culture medium preconditioned normal and tumor cells to ferroptosis induced by system x_c^- inhibition mediated by imidazole ketone erastin (IKE) or GPX4 blockade in response to RSL-3, but had no significant effects against treatment with the endoperoxide FINO₂. Mechanistically, we revealed that PR decreases the levels of the antiferroptotic genes Slc7a11, Slc3a2, and Gpx4, while promoting the overexpression de Acls4, a key inducer of ferroptosis. Additionally, through superresolution analysis, we determined that the presence of PR mislocalizes the system x_c^- from the plasma membrane. Thus, our results show that the presence of PR in the culture medium can be a problematic artifact for the accurate interpretation of cell sensitivity to IKE or RSL-3-mediated ferroptosis induction.

Keywords: ACSL4; Ferroptosis; GPX4; IKE; Phenol red; RSL-3; System x(c)(−).