Numerical study of the upwelling and downwelling effects of artificial reefs along tidal cycles in the Pearl River Estuary

Hanying Li; Pu Guo; Guangping Liu; Anning Suo; Weiguo Zhou; Weizhong Yue; Mengyu Jiao; Li Zhang

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121486

Numerical study of the upwelling and downwelling effects of artificial reefs along tidal cycles in the Pearl River Estuary

J Environ Manage. 2024 Aug:365:121486. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121486. Epub 2024 Jun 20.

Authors

Hanying Li¹, Pu Guo², Guangping Liu², Anning Suo³, Weiguo Zhou⁴, Weizhong Yue², Mengyu Jiao¹, Li Zhang¹

Affiliations

¹ CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
² Marine Environmental Engineering Center, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
³ Marine Environmental Engineering Center, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China. Electronic address: suoanning@scsio.ac.cn.
⁴ CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.

PMID: 38905795
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121486

Abstract

Artificial reefs (ARs) are a preferred option for managers due to their distinctive hydrodynamic properties, which support a highly productive local ecosystem. However, the hydrodynamics characteristics of ARs in natural marine environments have not been conducted. Being the first to explore the spatiotemporal characteristic of flow fields around ARs along tidal cycles in marine environments, this study redefined the upwelling and downwelling of ARs, based on natural vertical velocities, and separated the upwelling into co-direction upwelling and re-direction upwelling, and the downwelling into co-direction downwelling and re-direction downwelling. This study simulated the flow field in the Wanshan ARs area of the Pearl River Estuary along the tidal cycles using the MIKE3-FM. Numerical simulations revealed that (1) co-direction upwelling and co-direction downwelling were the dominant components of the vertical flow field effects of ARs; (2) the areas sum of upwelling and downwelling were largest in the medium water column, with about 1.6 and 1.03 times as large as the bottom and surface water column, respectively, while the fluxes sum of the upwelling and downwelling were largest in bottom water column, with approximately 1.3 and 2.2 times larger than those in the middle and surface water columns; (3) the area and volume of the upwelling and downwelling gradually decreased along neap-spring tide, exhibited significantly negative correlations with current speeds; while the upwelling flux and downwelling flux gradually increased along neap-spring tide; exhibited a significantly positive correlation with current speed; (4) the effects of tide to upwelling and downwelling of AR are forced by the northward velocity of current speed, the net flux of upwelling and downwelling showed a significant positive correlation with the northward velocity of current speed (r = 0.94). These results could provide a reference for assessing the flow field effect of ARs and a guide for the configuration and management of ARs.

Keywords: Artificial reefs; Downwelling; Pearl River Estuary; Tidal cycles; Upwelling.

MeSH terms

Coral Reefs
Ecosystem
Estuaries*
Hydrodynamics
Rivers*
Water Movements