In resource-scarce settings, melioidosis is associated with up to 80% mortality. Studies of melioidosis in Cambodia report primarily on pediatric populations with localized infection; however, literature describing Cambodian adults with severe melioidosis is lacking. We present a case series of 35 adults with sequence-confirmed Burkholderia pseudomallei bacteremia presenting to a provincial referral hospital in rural Cambodia. More than 90% of the patients had diabetes, an important risk factor for developing melioidosis. Inappropriate antimicrobial therapy was significantly associated with lower odds of survival. Improved diagnostic testing and greater access to first-line antibiotics for acute melioidosis treatment present potential targets for intervention to reduce mortality associated with this disease in resource-limited settings.