Robust 3D object watermarking scheme using shape features for copyright protection

Sarah M Alhammad; Nada Ahmed; Safia Abbas; Hussein Abulkasim; Ahmed Elhadad

doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.2020

Robust 3D object watermarking scheme using shape features for copyright protection

PeerJ Comput Sci. 2024 Apr 30:10:e2020. doi: 10.7717/peerj-cs.2020. eCollection 2024.

Authors

Sarah M Alhammad¹, Nada Ahmed¹, Safia Abbas², Hussein Abulkasim^{3

4}, Ahmed Elhadad⁵

Affiliations

¹ Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
² Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computer and Information Sciences, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
³ Department of Information Technology, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, UAE.
⁴ Faculty of Science, New Valley University, El-Kharga, Egypt.
⁵ Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.

Abstract

This article utilizes the discrete wavelet transformation to introduce an advanced 3D object watermarking model depending on the characteristics of the object's vertices. The model entails two different phases: integration and extraction. In the integration phase, a novel technique is proposed, which embeds the secret grayscale image three times using both the encrypted pixels and the vertices' coefficients of the original 3D object. In the extraction phase, the secret image is randomly extracted and recaptured using the inverse phase of the integration technique. Four common 3D objects (Stanford bunny, horse, cat figurine, and angel), with different faces and different vertices, are used in this model as a dataset. The performance of the proposed technique is evaluated using different metrics to show its superiority in terms of execution time and imperceptibility. The results demonstrated that the proposed method achieved high imperceptibility and transparency with low distortion. Moreover, the extracted secret grayscale image perfectly matched the original watermark with a structural similarity index of 1 for all testing models.

Keywords: 3D object watermarking; Blind extraction; Discrete wavelet transform; Secret grayscale image.

Grants and funding

This work was supported by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project Number (PNURSP2024R442), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.