Effect of trauma on asylum seekers and refugees receiving a WHO psychological intervention: a mediation model

Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2024;15(1):2355828. doi: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2355828. Epub 2024 Jun 3.

Abstract

Background: Scalable psychological interventions such as the WHO's Self-Help Plus (SH+) have been developed for clinical and non-clinical populations in need of psychological support. SH+ has been successfully implemented to prevent common mental disorders among asylum seekers and refugees who are growing in number due to increasing levels of forced migration. These populations are often exposed to multiple, severe sources of traumatisation, and evidence of the effect of such events on treatment is insufficient, especially for non-clinical populations.Objective: We aim to study the effect of potentially traumatic experiences (PTEs) and the mediating role of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on the improvement following SH+.Method: Participants allocated to SH+ who received at least three sessions (N = 345) were extracted from two large, randomised, European prevention trials involving asylum seekers and refugees. Measures of distress, depression, functional impairment, and post-traumatic stress symptoms were administered at baseline and 6 months post-intervention, together with measures of well-being and quality of life. Adjusted models were constructed to examine the effect of PTEs on post-intervention improvement. The possible mediating role of PTSD symptoms in this relationship was then tested.Results: Increasing numbers of PTEs decreased the beneficial effect of SH+ for all measures. This relationship was mediated by symptoms of PTSD when analysing measures of well-being and quality of life. However, this did not apply for measures of mental health problems.Conclusions: Exposure to PTEs may largely reduce benefits from SH+. PTSD symptomatology plays a specific, mediating role on psychological well-being and quality of life of participants who experienced PTE. Healthcare professionals and researchers should consider the role of PTEs and PTSD symptoms in the treatment of migrants and refugees and explore possible feasible add-on solutions for cases exposed to multiple PTEs.

Antecedentes: Se han desarrollado intervenciones psicológicas escalables, como Self-Help Plus (SH+) de la OMS, para poblaciones clínicas y no clínicas que necesitan apoyo psicológico. SH+ se ha implementado con éxito para prevenir trastornos mentales frecuentes entre los solicitantes de asilo y refugiados, cuyo número está aumentando debido a los crecientes niveles de migración forzada. Estas poblaciones a menudo están expuestas a múltiples y graves fuentes de traumatización, y la evidencia del efecto de tales eventos en el tratamiento es insuficiente, especialmente para las poblaciones no clínicas.

Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo es estudiar el efecto de las experiencias potencialmente traumáticas (EPTs) y el papel mediador de los síntomas del trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) en la mejora después de SH+.

Método: Los participantes asignados al programa de intervención SH+ que recibieron al menos tres sesiones (N = 345) fueron extraídos de dos grandes ensayos de prevención europeos, aleatorizados, que involucraron a personas que solicitaron asilo y refugiados. Se administraron medidas de angustia, depresión, deterioro funcional y síntomas de estrés postraumático al inicio del estudio y 6 meses después de la intervención, junto con medidas de bienestar y calidad de vida. Se construyeron modelos ajustados para examinar el efecto de las EPTs en la mejora posterior a la intervención. A continuación se comprobó el posible papel mediador de los síntomas del trastorno de estrés postraumático en esta relación.

Resultados: Un número creciente de EPTs disminuyó el efecto beneficioso de SH+ para todas las medidas. Esta relación estuvo mediada por los síntomas del TEPT al analizar medidas de bienestar y calidad de vida. Sin embargo, esto no se aplica a las medidas de problemas de salud mental.

Conclusiones: La exposición a EPTs puede reducir en gran medida los beneficios de SH+. La sintomatología TEPT desempeña un papel mediador específico en el bienestar psicológico y la calidad de vida de los participantes que experimentaron EPTs. Los profesionales de la salud y los investigadores deben considerar el papel de las EPTs y los síntomas de TEPT en el tratamiento de migrantes y refugiados, y explorar posibles soluciones factibles complementarias para los casos expuestos a múltiples EPTs.

Keywords: Estrés post traumático; Post-traumatic stress; asylum seekers and refugees; intervención escalable; mediación; mediation; migrants; psicoterapia de grupo; psychological intervention; scalable interventions; self-help plus; solicitantes de asilo y refugiados.

Plain language summary

Increasing numbers of potentially traumatic experiences can decrease the beneficial effect of a manualized group psychotherapeutic intervention in migrants and refugees across multiple countries.In absence of a full threshold diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder, post-traumatic stress symptoms still mediate the relation between potentially traumatic experiences and some outcome improvements at follow-up.While the moderating role of number of potentially traumatic experiences applies to all outcomes (depression symptoms, psychological distress, functional impairment, well-being, and quality of life), the mediating role of post-traumatic stress symptoms in this relation only applies to well-being and quality of life.

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Psychosocial Intervention
  • Quality of Life / psychology
  • Refugees* / psychology
  • Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic* / psychology
  • Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic* / therapy

Grants and funding

This work was supported by the European Commission, grant agreement n. 779255 ‘RE-DEFINE: Refugee Emergency: DEFining and Implementing Novel Evidence-based psychosocial interventions’. The funder had no role in study designing, and no role in data management, analysis, interpretation, as well as in writing the report and the decision to submit the report for publication, nor ultimate authority over any of the listed activities. EU will have the possibility to audit the financial project management, while for the scientific part deliverables and milestones are being provided to the EU according to the grant agreement.