Urban-Rural Differences in the Prevalence of Diabetes Among Adults in Haryana, India: The ICMR-INDIAB Study (ICMR-INDIAB-18)

Sanjay Kalra; Ranjit Mohan Anjana; Madhur Verma; Rajendra Pradeepa; Nikita Sharma; Mohan Deepa; Omna Singh; Ulagamadesan Venkatesan; Nirmal Elangovan; Sameer Aggarwal; Rakesh Kakkar; Viswanathan Mohan

doi:10.1007/s13300-024-01602-w

Urban-Rural Differences in the Prevalence of Diabetes Among Adults in Haryana, India: The ICMR-INDIAB Study (ICMR-INDIAB-18)

Diabetes Ther. 2024 Jul;15(7):1597-1613. doi: 10.1007/s13300-024-01602-w. Epub 2024 May 21.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital, Karnal, India. brideknl@gmail.com.
² University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India. brideknl@gmail.com.
³ Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India.
⁴ Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bathinda, Bathinda, 151001, India.
⁵ Department of Research Operations and Diabetes Complications, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India.
⁶ Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bilaspur, Bilaspur, India.
⁷ Department of Epidemiology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India.
⁸ Department of Bio-Statistics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India.
⁹ Department of Endocrinology, Apex Hospitals, Rohtak, India.

Abstract

Introduction: Diabetes is a multifactorial disease with far-reaching consequences. Environmental factors, such as urban or rural residence, influence its prevalence and associated comorbidities. Haryana-a north Indian state-has undergone rapid urbanisation, and part of it is included in the National Capital Region (NCR). The primary aim of the study is to estimate the prevalence of diabetes in Haryana with urban-rural, NCR and non-NCR regional stratification and assess the factors affecting the likelihood of having diabetes among adults.

Methods: This sub-group analysis of the Indian Council of Medical Research-India Diabetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study (a nationally representative cross-sectional population-based survey) was done for Haryana using data from 3722 participants. The dependent variable was diabetes, while residence in NCR/non-NCR and urban-rural areas were prime independent variables. Weighted prevalence was estimated using state-specific sampling weights and standardized using National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5) study weights. Associations were depicted using bivariate analysis, and factors describing the likelihood of living with diabetes were explored using a multivariable binary logistic regression analysis approach.

Results: Overall, the weighted prevalence of diabetes in Haryana was higher than the national average (12.4% vs. 11.4%). The prevalence was higher in urban (17.9%) than in rural areas (9.5%). The prevalence of diabetes in rural areas was higher in the NCR region, while that of prediabetes was higher in rural non-NCR region. Urban-rural participants' anthropometric measurements and biochemical profiles depicted non-significant differences. Urban-rural status, age and physical activity levels were the most significant factors that affected the likelihood of living with diabetes.

Conclusions: The current analysis provides robust prevalence estimates highlighting the urban-rural disparities. Urban areas continue to have a high prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes; rural areas depict a much higher prevalence of prediabetes than diabetes. With the economic transition rapidly bridging the gap between urban and rural populations, health policymakers should plan efficient strategies to tackle the diabetes epidemic.

Keywords: Behavioural risk factors; Diabetes; Epidemiological transitions; Non-communicable diseases; Urbanisation.