1 Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
2 Department of Clinical Psychology, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, School of Professional and Applied Psychology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
3 Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
4 Center for Emergency Care Policy and Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
5 Center for Healthcare Transformation and Innovation, Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.