Facial Gender-Affirming Surgery: Pitfalls, Complications, and How to Avoid Them

Abstract

Facial feminization is a complex undertaking requiring skill in both craniofacial and aesthetic plastic surgery. As in aesthetic procedures, understanding the patient's goals and setting realistic expectations in light of an individual's anatomy is critical. Both soft tissue and bone must be addressed to adequately soften masculine facial features. This article delves into specific anatomic areas and delineates some of the pathways to successful outcomes.

Keywords: Facial feminization; Forehead contouring; Mentalis muscle; Scalp advancement.