Imaging features for the evaluation of skin and nail infections

Abstract

Clinical manifestations of dermatological and musculoskeletal conditions can sometimes overlap, leading to confusion in diagnosis. Patients with nail and skin infections may undergo imaging examinations with suspicions of muscle, tendon, or joint injuries. Dermatological infections often involve soft tissues and musculoskeletal structures, and their etiology can range from fungi, bacteria, viruses, to protozoa. Relying solely on physical examination may not be sufficient for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning, necessitating the use of complementary imaging exams. The objective of this paper is to present and discuss imaging findings of the main infectious conditions affecting the nail apparatus and skin. The paper also highlights the importance of imaging in clarifying diagnostic uncertainties and guiding appropriate treatment for dermatological conditions.

Keywords: Foreign bodies; High-field magnetic resonance imaging; High-frequency ultrasound; Maduromycosis; Myiasis; Nail wart; Onychocryptosis; Panniculitis; Retronychia; Skin abscess; Skin infection; Skin tuberculosis; Sporotrichosis.