1 Regional Center for Infection Prevention and Control, Region of Pays de la Loire, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France; National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, UK; Cibles et médicaments des infections et de l'immunité, IICiMed, Nantes Université, Nantes, France. Electronic address: g.birgand@imperial.ac.uk.
2 Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
3 Regional Center for Infection Prevention and Control, Region of Pays de la Loire, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France.
4 Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
5 Service d'anesthésie et de Réanimation, Hôpital Nord, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
6 Butare University Teaching Hospital, Butare, Rwanda.
7 King's Centre for Global Health and Health Partnerships, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
8 National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, UK; Centre of Excellence in Infectious Diseases Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
9 Centre of Excellence in Infectious Diseases Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; UCL/UCLH Surgical Outcomes Research Center (SOuRCe), Center for Perioperative Medicine, Research Department for Targeted intervention, Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
10 Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre of Excellence in Infectious Diseases Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.