Performance of Echinococcosis Serology is Associated with Disease Endemicity, Hydatid Cyst Location, Eosinophilia, Imaging Finding, and Treatment

Abstract

Background: We aimed to assess echinococcosis serology performance for diagnosing cystic echinococcosis (CE) in children living in CE-endemic vs. non-endemic populations, and in different clinical settings.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study, assessing children with ELISA test for echinococcosis, 2005-2021. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) were calculated comparing CE-endemic vs. non-endemic populations, cases with/without eosinophilia, and cases with/without CE-suggestive imaging findings. Additionally, we examined the association between serology titers/levels (values) and clinical characteristics.

Results: Of 273 cases, 66 (24%) were confirmed as CE. Overall, 97% of CE were in Bedouin children, and the pre-test probability was 28% vs. 9% (p < 0.001) in CE-endemic vs. non-endemic population, respectively. Sensitivity was higher in hepatic than extra-hepatic CE (74% vs. 47%). Overall specificity was 86%. PPVs were higher in CE-endemic population compared to non-endemic (66% vs. 22%), while NPVs were higher in non-endemic population (100% vs. 87%). Eosinophilia was associated with lower specificity (73% vs. 94%) and PPV (47% vs. 78%). Typical imaging was associated with higher specificity (94% vs. 82%) and PPV (91% vs. 11%), while NPVs were lower in typical imaging cases (77% vs. 98%). Higher titer levels (above median) were associated with typical imaging (76% vs. 49%), higher PPV (79% vs. 43%), albendazole treatment (100% vs. 56%), surgery (60% vs. 19%), and new imaging finding (75% vs. 0%).

Conclusions: Echinococcosis serology performance was impacted by disease endemicity, and by various clinical characteristics. These findings may assist physicians in the interpretation of echinococcosis serology results.

Keywords: Diagnosis; Echinococcosis; Hydatid cyst; Pediatrics; Performance; Serology.