1 Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
2 Prince George's County Police Department, Upper Marlboro, Maryland.
3 Departments of African-American Studies and Medical Anthropology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland.
4 University of Pennsylvania School of Social Policy and Practice, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
5 Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland.
6 Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
7 Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care, and Emergency Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.