Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of infection of COVID-19 Omicron variants in children with allergic diseases. Methods: This was a cross-sectional retrospective study. A total of 657 pediatric patients with allergic diseases aged between 0-17 years confirmed with COVID-19 infection were enrolled from the Children's Hospital affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics from January to March 2023. The median age was 6.6(4.7,9.9) years, with 443 males (67.4%) and 214 females (32.6%). Demographic data, vaccination status, clinical manifestations, therapeutic drugs, and other data were collected. The patients were then divided into different groups according to the age, type of allergic diseases and vaccination status, and their clinical characteristics were compared. Results: A total of 657 children with allergic diseases were included in this study, among them 568 with asthma. Fever is the most common symptoms after COVID-19 infection (627/657, 95.4%), and 509 children (77.5%) with high fever. Cough was observed in 446 (67.9%) and fatigue in 167 (25.4%) cases.10 cases (1.5%) were diagnosed as pneumonia. The proportion of pharyngalgia(22%,84/382, χ2=19.847, P<0.01), fatigue (31.7%, 121/382,χ2=23.831, P<0.01), headache(34.6%, 132/382,χ2=57.598, P<0.01), muscle joint pain(16.0%, 61/382,χ2=22.289, P<0.01) and vomiting(11.0%, 42/382,χ2=12.756, P<0.01) were highest in the>6 years group. Children younger than 3 years had the lowest proportion of runny nose(8.8%, 5/57,χ2=8.411, P<0.01), cough(45.6%, 26/57,χ2=6.287, P<0.05) and expectoration(7.0%, 4/57,χ2=5.950, P<0.05). 62.8%(137/218) of the patients in 3-6 year group had the highest rate of cough(χ2=6.287, P<0.05), with a higher proportion of wheezing (10.1%, 22/218). Cough and/or wheezing symptoms were most quickly relieved in the 6 year old group, who had a highest proportion of 68.8%(260/382) in duration of respiratory symptoms within 1 week compared with 52.2% (114/218)of 3-6 years group and 41.2% (22/57)of<3 year group, respectively(χ2=23.166, P<0.01). The asthma group had a significant higher proportion of cough(59.7% vs 41.6%, χ2=10.310, P<0.01), wheezing (8.5% vs 0.0%, χ2=8.114, P<0.01) and expectoration (19.2% vs 7.9%, χ2=10.310, P<0.01) than that of non-asthma group. Besides, patients with cough and/or wheezing in the asthma group had more impact on exercise and sleep (16.1% vs 0, χ2=5.436, P<0.05) and a longer duration over 4 weeks (25.1% vs 3.7%, χ2=6.244, P<0.05). Conclusions: The most common symptoms in children with allergy infected with COVID-19 Omicron variant were fever and cough. Children under 3 years of age had relatively fewer respiratory symptoms while those with asthma or aged 3-6 years were more likely to have cough and wheezing and longer duration of symptoms. The data suggested that the prevention and management of COVID-19 should be strengthened in children with allergy.
目的： 探讨过敏性疾病儿童新型冠状病毒Omicron变异株感染后的临床特征。 方法： 横断面调查的回顾性研究。选取2023年1至3月期间首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院确诊新型冠状病毒感染的657例年龄范围0~17岁过敏性疾病儿童为研究对象，中位数年龄6.6（4.7，9.9）岁，男443例（67.4%），女214例（32.6%）。收集患儿的人口学资料、疫苗接种情况、临床特点、治疗用药等数据，依据年龄、过敏性疾病类型、疫苗接种情况进行分组并比较分析其临床特征。 结果： 657例过敏性疾病儿童中有哮喘儿童568例。新型冠状病毒感染后最常见的症状为发热（627/657，95.4%），509例患儿（77.5%）以高热为主，446例（67.9%）为咳嗽，167例为乏力（25.4%），其中合并肺炎者10例（1.5%）。>6岁组出现咽痛22.0%（84/382）（χ2=19.847，P<0.01）、乏力31.7%（121/382）（χ2=23.831，P<0.01）、头痛34.6%（132/382）（χ2=57.598，P<0.01）、肌肉关节疼痛16.0%（61/382）（χ2=22.289，P<0.01）及呕吐11.0%（42/382）（χ2=12.756，P<0.01）的比例最高；<3岁组流涕8.8%（5/57）（χ2=8.411，P<0.01）、咳嗽45.6%（26/57）（χ2=6.287，P<0.05）及咳痰7.0%（4/57）（χ2=5.950，P<0.05）的发生率最低；3~6岁组咳嗽62.8%（137/218）（χ2=6.287，P<0.05）发生率最高，合并喘息（10.1%，22/218）比例较高；>6岁组感染后咳嗽和（或）喘息症状缓解最快，68.8%（260/382）呼吸道症状病程<1周，3~6岁组和<3岁组分别为52.2%（114/218）和41.2%（22/57）（χ2=23.166，P<0.01）。哮喘组咳嗽（59.7% vs 41.6%，χ2=10.310，P<0.01）、喘息（8.5% vs 0.0%，χ2=8.114，P<0.01）、咳痰（19.2% vs 7.9%，χ2=10.310，P<0.01）的发生率显著高于非哮喘组；其咳嗽和（或）喘息对运动及睡眠产生严重影响者（16.1% vs 0.0%，χ2=5.436，P<0.05）及病程>4周者（25.1% vs 3.7%，χ2=6.244，P<0.05）均显著高于非哮喘组。 结论： 过敏性疾病患儿感染新型冠状病毒Omicron变异株后以发热和咳嗽症状最为常见。3岁以下儿童感染后呼吸道症状相对较少；3~6岁过敏儿童和支气管哮喘儿童新冠病毒感染后更易出现咳嗽、喘息，且病程相对更久，临床应加强对此类患儿的防治和管理。.