Adrenal function in relation to cytokines and outcome in non-critically ill patients with COVID-19

Abstract

Purpose: We aimed to identify whether hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction is related to deterioration in a percentage of patients who progress to severe COVID-19.

Methods: In this cohort observational study, we evaluated HPA axis activation by measuring cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) levels, whole blood expression levels of the key glucocorticoid receptor, GCR-α, and the glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ), and cytokines, as markers of the inflammatory phase, in 149 patients with respiratory infection admitted in the ward, without known adrenal disease and/or confounding medications (glucocorticoids). One hundred and four (104) patients were SARS-CoV-2 positive (C +) and controls consisted of 45 SARS-CoV-2-negative patients (NC).

Results: No differences in cortisol levels were observed between the C + and the NC patients. Cortisol levels correlated with ACTH (r = 0.284, p = 0.001) and IL-6 (r = 0.289, p = 0.04). In C + patients, cortisol levels mainly correlated with IL-6 levels (r = 0.28; p = 0.017). GCR-α expression was significantly higher in C + patients compared to NC. Patients with higher cortisol levels were more likely to progress to respiratory function deterioration or die. Both GCR-α and GILZ expression were significantly higher in C + non-survivors.

Conclusion: Our findings indicate that cortisol serves as an indicator of disease severity. GILZ expression appears to be a more effective marker of mortality prediction in moderate COVID-19 cases. However, routine measurement of GILZ levels is currently unavailable. Elevated levels of cortisol may be indicative of patients with moderate COVID-19 who are at a higher risk of deterioration. This information can aid in identifying individuals who require early medical attention.

Keywords: Adrenal; COVID-19; Cortisol; GILZ, GCR-α; IL-6; SARS-CoV-2.