1 Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China. Electronic address: wangjun@nju.edu.cn.
2 Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
3 State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modelling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
4 Joint Center for Data Assimilation Research and Applications, Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
5 Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science and Earth System Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park MD 20742, USA.
6 Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S3G3, Canada.