Genetic Diversity of Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum, Desf) Germplasm as Revealed by Morphological and SSR Markers

Temesgen Dagnaw; Behailu Mulugeta; Teklehaimanot Haileselassie; Mulatu Geleta; Rodomiro Ortiz; Kassahun Tesfaye

doi:10.3390/genes14061155

Genetic Diversity of Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum, Desf) Germplasm as Revealed by Morphological and SSR Markers

Genes (Basel). 2023 May 26;14(6):1155. doi: 10.3390/genes14061155.

Authors

Temesgen Dagnaw¹, Behailu Mulugeta^{2

3}, Teklehaimanot Haileselassie², Mulatu Geleta³, Rodomiro Ortiz³, Kassahun Tesfaye^{1

4}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia.
² Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia.
³ Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 190, SE-23422 Lomma, Sweden.
⁴ Ethiopian Bio and Emerging Technology Institute, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 5954, Ethiopia.

Abstract

Ethiopia is considered a center of origin and diversity for durum wheat and is endowed with many diverse landraces. This research aimed to estimate the extent and pattern of genetic diversity in Ethiopian durum wheat germplasm. Thus, 104 durum wheat genotypes representing thirteen populations, three regions, and four altitudinal classes were investigated for their genetic diversity, using 10 grain quality- and grain yield-related phenotypic traits and 14 simple sequence repeat (SSR) makers. The analysis of the phenotypic traits revealed a high mean Shannon diversity index (H' = 0.78) among the genotypes and indicated a high level of phenotypic variation. The principal component analysis (PCA) classified the genotypes into three groups. The SSR markers showed a high mean value of polymorphic information content (PIC = 0.50) and gene diversity (h = 0.56), and a moderate number of alleles per locus (Na = 4). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed a high level of variation within populations, regions, and altitudinal classes, accounting for 88%, 97%, and 97% of the total variation, respectively. Pairwise genetic differentiation and Nei's genetic distance analyses identified that the cultivars are distinct from the landrace populations. The distance-based (Discriminant Analysis of Principal Component (DAPC) and Minimum Spanning Network (MSN)) and model-based population stratification (STRUCTURE) methods of clustering grouped the genotypes into two clusters. Both the phenotypic data-based PCA and the molecular data-based DAPC and MSN analyses defined distinct groupings of cultivars and landraces. The phenotypic and molecular diversity analyses highlighted the high genetic variation in the Ethiopian durum wheat gene pool. The investigated SSRs showed significant associations with one or more target phenotypic traits. The markers identify landraces with high grain yield and quality traits. This study highlights the usefulness of Ethiopian landraces for cultivar development, contributing to food security in the region and beyond.

Keywords: SSR markers; durum wheat; genetic diversity; landraces; morphological traits.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Genetic Variation* / genetics
Genotype
Microsatellite Repeats / genetics
Phenotype
Triticum* / genetics

Grants and funding

This study was supported by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) Research and Training Grant awarded to Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia, and the Swedish Research Council (VR)-funded Development Research Project 2020-05427.