This study aimed to develop three-dimensional (3D)-printed hydrogels containing phytotherapeutic agents as multifunctional wound dressings. In this regard, 3D-printed sodium alginate (ALG)-xanthan gum (XAN) hydrogels incorporated with different clove essential oil (CLV) concentrations were produced by the extrusion-based 3D-printing technology. Rheology measurements, filament fusion, and filament collapse analyses indicated that XAN's blending overcame the challenges associated with ALG's printability and shape fidelity. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra and total phenolic content assay confirmed the presence of CLV in the 3D-printed hydrogels. Additionally, the releasing profile showed that CLV exhibited long-term release for up to 28 days. Furthermore, the incorporation of CLV increased 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging while reducing the S. aureus and E. coli relative bacterial viability; thereby, the CLV incorporation enhanced the 3D-printed ALG-XAN hydrogel antioxidant and antibacterial activity. In addition, anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using Raw 264.7 macrophage-like cells, and the results demonstrated that CLV reduced nitric oxide (NO) concentration in medium, indicating a potential anti-inflammatory effect. Moreover, in vitro cytotoxicity results showed that the incorporation of CLV has no toxic effect on NHDF cells, whereas the proliferation of NHDF cells exhibited a dose-dependent response. In conclusion, the present study shows not only the development of a new ALG-XAN biomaterial ink but also the potential benefit of natural phytotherapeutics incorporated into 3D-printed hydrogels as a multifunctional wound dressing.
Keywords: 3D printing; essential oils; hydrogels; phytotherapeutic agents; sodium alginate; wound healing; xanthan gum.