Stiff person spectrum disorder diagnosis, misdiagnosis, and suggested diagnostic criteria

Abstract

Background: Stiff person spectrum disorder (SPSD) is heterogeneous, and accurate diagnosis can be challenging.

Methods: Patients referred for diagnosis/suspicion of SPSD at the Mayo Autoimmune Neurology Clinic from July 01, 2016, to June 30, 2021, were retrospectively identified. SPSD diagnosis was defined as clinical SPSD manifestations confirmed by an autoimmune neurologist and seropositivity for high-titer GAD65-IgG (>20.0 nmol/L), glycine-receptor-IgG or amphiphysin-IgG, and/or confirmatory electrodiagnostic studies (essential if seronegative). Clinical presentation, examination, and ancillary testing were compared to differentiate SPSD from non-SPSD.

Results: Of 173 cases, 48 (28%) were diagnosed with SPSD and 125 (72%) with non-SPSD. Most SPSD were seropositive (41/48: GAD65-IgG 28/41, glycine-receptor-IgG 12/41, amphiphysin-IgG 2/41). Pain syndromes or functional neurologic disorder were the most common non-SPSD diagnoses (81/125, 65%). SPSD patients more commonly reported exaggerated startle (81% vs. 56%, p = 0.02), unexplained falls (76% vs. 46%, p = 0.001), and other associated autoimmunity (50% vs. 27%, p = 0.005). SPSD more often had hypertonia (60% vs. 24%, p < 0.001), hyperreflexia (71% vs. 43%, p = 0.001), and lumbar hyperlordosis (67% vs. 9%, p < 0.001) and less likely functional neurologic signs (6% vs. 33%, p = 0.001). SPSD patients more frequently had electrodiagnostic abnormalities (74% vs. 17%, p < 0.001), and at least moderate symptomatic improvement with benzodiazepines (51% vs. 16%, p < 0.001) or immunotherapy (45% vs. 13% p < 0.001). Only 4/78 non-SPSD patients who received immunotherapy had alternative neurologic autoimmunity.

Interpretation: Misdiagnosis was threefold more common than confirmed SPSD. Functional or non-neurologic disorders accounted for most misdiagnoses. Clinical and ancillary testing factors can reduce misdiagnosis and exposure to unnecessary treatments. SPSD diagnostic criteria are suggested.