1 Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Anesthesia Research Excellence, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
2 Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
3 Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
4 Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
5 Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
6 Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Anesthesia Research Excellence, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Dusseldorf University Hospital, Dusseldorf, Germany.
7 Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: andrew_beam@hms.harvard.edu.