Evaluation and Utility of the King-Devick With Integrated Eye Tracking as a Diagnostic Tool for Sport-Related Concussion

Mark Hecimovich; Myles Murphy; Paola Chivers; Payton Stock

doi:10.1177/23259671221142255

Evaluation and Utility of the King-Devick With Integrated Eye Tracking as a Diagnostic Tool for Sport-Related Concussion

Orthop J Sports Med. 2022 Dec 22;10(12):23259671221142255. doi: 10.1177/23259671221142255. eCollection 2022 Dec.

Authors

Mark Hecimovich¹, Myles Murphy², Paola Chivers³, Payton Stock⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Athletic Training, 003C Human Performance Center, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa, USA.
² Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.
³ Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia.
⁴ College of Health Sciences, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA.

Abstract

Background: Eye-tracking technology for detecting eye movements has been gaining increasing attention as a possible assessment and monitoring tool for sport-related concussion (SRC).

Purpose: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of a rapid number-naming task with eye tracking, the King-Devick Eye Tracking (K-D ET) assessment, in identifying SRC.

Study design: Cohort study.

Methods: One female and 1 male team of United States collegiate rugby-15 players competing during the 2018 season were recruited. Variables assessed were total saccades, saccade velocity, total fixations, fixation duration, fixation polyarea, and test duration. A generalized estimating equation was used to examine group (concussion vs nonconcussion), time (baseline vs postinjury/postseason), and sex-based differences for each outcome measure. In addition, the different components of diagnostic accuracy of the K-D ET were calculated.

Results: Baseline K-D ET assessment for 49 participants (25 male, 24 female) were assessed at the beginning of the season, with 28 participants who did not sustain a head injury during the season completing the postseason assessments and 6 participants completing a postinjury (suspected concussion) assessment. Significant differences were observed between concussed and nonconcussed groups for total saccades (P = .024), fixation duration (P = .007), and fixation polyarea (P = .030), with differences from baseline to follow-up observed for saccade velocity (P = .018) in both groups. Sex-based differences were noted for total fixations (P = .041), fixation polyarea (P = .036), and completion time (P = .035). No significant Group × Time interactions were noted. The K-D ET test duration indicated high specificity (0.86) but not high sensitivity (0.40). No other variables reported high sensitivity or specificity.

Conclusion: Other than completion time of the K-D ET test, no K-D ET oculomotor parameter was highly sensitive or specific in the diagnosis of concussion in this study.

Keywords: King-Devick; eye tracking; rugby; sport-related concussion.