COVID-19 Vaccine-Related Myocardial and Pericardial Inflammation

Abstract

Purpose of review: To review myocarditis and pericarditis developing after COVID-19 vaccinations and identify the management strategies.

Recent findings: COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are safe and effective. Systemic side effects of the vaccines are usually mild and transient. The incidence of acute myocarditis/pericarditis following COVID-19 vaccination is extremely low and ranges 2-20 per 100,000. The absolute number of myocarditis events is 1-10 per million after COVID-19 vaccination as compared to 40 per million after a COVID-19 infection. Higher rates are reported for pericarditis and myocarditis in COVID-19 infection as compared to COVID-19 vaccines. COVID-19 vaccine-related inflammatory heart conditions are transient and self-limiting in most cases. Patients present with chest pain, shortness of breath, and fever. Most patients have elevated cardiac enzymes and diffuse ST-segment elevation on electrocardiogram. Presence of myocardial edema on T2 mapping and evidence of late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging are also helpful additional findings. Patients were treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and colchicine with corticosteroids reserved for refractory cases. At least 3-6 months of exercise abstinence is recommended in athletes diagnosed with vaccine-related myocarditis. COVID-19 vaccination is recommended in all age groups for the overall benefits of preventing hospitalizations and severe COVID-19 infection sequela.

Keywords: COVID-19 vaccination; Myocarditis; Myopericarditis; Pericarditis; SARS-CoV-2.