Obstructive sleep apnoea-related respiratory events and desaturation severity are associated with the cardiac response

Salla Hietakoste; Tuomas Karhu; Saara Sillanmäki; Raquel Bailón; Thomas Penzel; Juha Töyräs; Timo Leppänen; Sami Myllymaa; Samu Kainulainen

doi:10.1183/23120541.00121-2022

Obstructive sleep apnoea-related respiratory events and desaturation severity are associated with the cardiac response

ERJ Open Res. 2022 Oct 24;8(4):00121-2022. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00121-2022. eCollection 2022 Oct.

Authors

Salla Hietakoste^{1

2}, Tuomas Karhu^{1

2}, Saara Sillanmäki², Raquel Bailón^{3

4}, Thomas Penzel^{5

6}, Juha Töyräs^{1

7

8}, Timo Leppänen^{1

2

8}, Sami Myllymaa^{1

2}, Samu Kainulainen^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Dept of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
² Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
³ Aragón Institute of Engineering Research, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
⁴ Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Zaragoza, Spain.
⁵ Interdisciplinary Sleep Medicine Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁶ Dept of Biology, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russian Federation.
⁷ Science Service Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
⁸ School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.

Abstract

Background: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) causes, among other things, intermittent blood oxygen desaturations, increasing the sympathetic tone. Yet the effect of desaturations on heart rate variability (HRV), a simple and noninvasive method for assessing sympathovagal balance, has not been comprehensively studied. We aimed to study whether desaturation severity affects the immediate HRV.

Methods: We retrospectively analysed the electrocardiography signals in 5-min segments (n=39 132) recorded during clinical polysomnographies of 642 patients with suspected OSA. HRV parameters were calculated for each segment. The segments were pooled into severity groups based on the desaturation severity (i.e. the integrated area under the blood oxygen saturation curve) and the respiratory event rate within the segment. Covariate-adjusted regression analyses were performed to investigate possible confounding effects.

Results: With increasing respiratory event rate, the normalised high-frequency band power (HF_NU) decreased from 0.517 to 0.364 (p<0.01), the normalised low-frequency band power (LF_NU) increased from 0.483 to 0.636 (p<0.01) and the mean RR interval decreased from 915 to 869 ms (p<0.01). Similarly, with increasing desaturation severity, the HF_NU decreased from 0.499 to 0.364 (p<0.01), the LF_NU increased from 0.501 to 0.636 (p<0.01) and the mean RR interval decreased from 952 to 854 ms (p<0.01). Desaturation severity-related findings were confirmed by considering the confounding factors in the regression analyses.

Conclusion: The short-term HRV response differs based on the desaturation severity and the respiratory event rate in patients with suspected OSA. Therefore, a more detailed analysis of HRV and desaturation characteristics could enhance OSA severity estimation.